Current database systems use technology and abilities of CPUs from 10 to 20 years ago. Traditional database management system require too much hardware, and they make poor use of it. CWI computer scientists came up with database operations that work on sets of vectors, instead of on one database value at a time. As a result, some operations that take tens or hundreds of CPU clock cycles in other databases take just a handful in the VectorWise system. The scientists also constructed the system in a way that the work is done on data in the CPU's cache, where the processor cores can have quick access. In addition, fast decompression algorithms and table rearrangement are utilized.
One limitation of the prototype software is that the new system is designed to run on a single machine with a database of less than 10 terabytes.
Reference: IEEE Spectrum
http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/computing/software/ingres-and-vectorwise-claim-database-speedup
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