Brain-Machine Interface Research

Brain-computing with a prosthetic device is gaining ground on research and development. Researchers at Duke University Medical Center is working on a real-time interface with a full-body exoskeleton to be controlled by signals from a paraplegics brain. Their ultimate goal is to enable a paralyzed individual to walk again by the end of 2012.

Four years ago, the project began with the implantation of electrodes in a rhesus monkey's brain that detects the movement of an arm. The initial process is decoding the brain signals from the monkey's cerebral cortex while it held a joystick to move a single shape in a video game. Eventually, the monkey was able to use its mind to move the object without the joystick. Three years later, a different rhesus monkey was implanted with a new BMI in the motor and sensory cortex to control a computer-screen image of a human-like figure walking on treadmill. The monkey was rewarded for walking in sync with the robot. The treadmill was turned off after an hour, but the monkey was able to direct the robot to walk another few minutes. This research indicates that part of the monkey's brain is adapted to control the robot movement. Therefore it is possible to establish connections between the brain and a computational device, which will lead to the ability to control the movement of limbs.

Reference: IEEE Institute

Robot Armada in Space

In the future, the approach of planetary exploration maybe different than traditional methods. An armada of robots instead of one will be sent on exploration, where each autonomous robot will be expendable and low-cost. In addition, they will command themselves or with each other simultaneously. A team at the University of Arizona are developing autonomous software and have built a robotic test bed that can mimic a field geologist or astronaut, capable of working independently and as part of a large team.

An example mission scenario will be using an orbiter to circle Titan with a global view of the moon while communicating to the air balloons to fly to unknown areas or areas of interest. The aerial balloon commanding multiple rovers on surface exploration. On the other hand, the rover can report to the airship or orbiter of an aerial geographic property on the surface.  The idea is similar to divide and conquer with autonomous robots in space.

Reference: http://autonomy.caltech.edu

"Petman" Prototype

A machine that mimics walking of a human being, while balancing itself. It can also simulate human physiology within a protective suit for military tests.

30 Mile Thermometer

Researchers needs to monitor the temperature of in accessible, dangerous places on the planet without using satellite data (rough estimate). The solution is using the world's largest fiber-optic cable that records temperature at three foot intervals every ten seconds. This 30 mile detector was originally designed to monitor oil wells. It functions by firing laser pulses down the length of the optical cable and photons collide within the cable and bounces back at shifted frequencies, revealing temperatures along the entire line.

Reference: Wired

Artic Sediments Indicate Climate Change is Unlike Natural Variation

Scientists are slowly diminishing the possibility that climate change is a natural variation. Research reveals that sediments retrieved from a remote Arctic lake contain rare, unprecedented information about the past 200,000 years, much longer record or prediction on past climates. It is a long sequence or archive of sediment that has survived arctic glaciations and the data it contains is one of a kind. From the data, there are periods of time when the climate was as warm as today, but under natural causes and well-understood patterns of the Earth's orbit around the sun. Today, the ecosystem is shifted and it is different than past warming cycles. The 20th century is the only period during the past 200 millennial in which aquatic indicators reflect increased warming, despite the slow changes in the tilt of the Earth's axis, which should lead to climatic cooling.

Reference:
Axford et al. Recent changes in a remote Arctic lake are unique within the past 200,000 years. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, October 19, 2009; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0907094106